A benchmark study on the model-based estimation of the go-kart side-slip angle
How can you estimate the side-slip angle in real time without costly sensors? The study presents a benchmark of model-based estimation techniques, including Extended and Unscented Kalman Filters and Particle Filters, for accurate and computationally side-slip angle estimation on a go-kart. Using a simplified dynamic model and experimental data, it compares the performance and runtime of each algorithm, offering valuable insights for state estimation in vehicle dynamics.
A Discussion on Present Theories of Rubber Friction, with Particular Reference to Different Possible Choices of Arbitrary Roughness Cutoff Parameters
How do roughness parameters impact rubber friction theories? The study critically examines current friction modeling methods, highlighting the arbitrary selection of roughness cutoff parameters. Comparing Klüppel’s and Persson’s theories reveals that different parameter choices equally match experimental friction data, underscoring uncertainties in predicting rubber-road friction fundamental to tire performance analysis.
Design of a Machine Learning Approach to Anomaly Detection in Tyre-Road Interaction
Tire model accuracy is often questioned due to modeling uncertainties, but what if the real challenge is data quality? Outliers, gaps, and errors can compromise calibration, limiting reliability in both offline and real-time applications. The study investigates how machine learning techniques can optimize dataset preprocessing, improving parameter identification. Results highlight that Elliptic Envelope enhances grip estimation, while One-Class SVM reduces deviations in stiffness evaluation, leading to more accurate vehicle dynamics models.
On-Board Road Friction Estimation Technique for Autonomous Driving Vehicle-Following Maneuvers
How can autonomous vehicles safely navigate poor weather conditions and low-traction scenarios? The study introduces a novel real-time road friction estimation method. By integrating a slip-slope approach with the Magic Formula tire model, the method accurately calculates both actual and potential road grip coefficients. Validated through co-simulations, the system optimizes ADAS systems like Adaptive Cruise Control and Emergency Braking, significantly reducing collision risks in adverse conditions.
Development of Machine Learning Algorithms for the Determination of the Centre of Mass
How can machine learning revolutionize the determination of the center of mass in human movement studies? The study introduces a method leveraging OpenPose software and convolutional neural networks to estimate the CoM accurately from 2D images. By comparing this method with validated tools, the research highlights its reliability and low-cost implementation. The approach reduces the need for invasive setups, opening doors for advancements in fields like biomechanics, sports performance, medical rehabilitation and… rider position in motorcycles!
Drifting Maneuver Investigation via Phase Plane Analysis of Experimental Data
Drifting is commonly referred to as an unstable cornering condition,
associated to large vehicle sideslip angles and countersteering.
Vehicle dynamics during drifting, characterised by high sideslip angles and countersteering, are examined. By using a nonlinear single track model with nonlinear tires, this study compares real-car data to simulated models within a phase-plane frame-work. It also explores the application of saddle-node bifurcation theory to understand the abrupt changes in vehicle behaviour during drifting.
Integrated Thermomechanical Analysis of Tires and Brakes for Vehicle Dynamics and Safety
How can the thermomechanical interaction between tires and brakes impact vehicle dynamics and safety? This study, introduces a new approach to model the thermal behavior of both components together. Traditionally treated separately, the model captures the heat transfer from brakes to tires, enabling more accurate predictions of temperature, pressure, and grip. The paper reveals how thermal variations in brakes directly affect tire performance, offering insights to optimize control systems like ABS and enhance vehicle safety.
Nonlinear mathematical modeling of frequency-temperature dependent viscoelastic materials for tire applications
An innovative nonlinear fractional derivative Maxwell model is introduced to effectively capture the complex behavior of viscoelastic materials. The model overcomes the limitations of traditional methods, providing a more accurate representation of material responses to varying frequencies and temperatures. With rigorous mathematical validation, the pole-zero formulation and multi-objective optimization enhance the ability to describe complex polymeric behaviors, offering new possibilities for tire performance analysis
A Non-Destructive Methodology for the Viscoelastic Characterization of Polymers: Toward the Identification of the Time–Temperature Superposition Shift Law
Polymers find widespread applications in various industries. To accurately design products that are able to predict their dynamic behavior in the virtual environment, it’s essential to understand and reproduce their viscoelastic properties via material physical modeling. This study focuses on replicating an indentation test on viscoelastic materials using the non- destructive VESevo device. The primary objective is to derive a unique temperature–frequency relationship, referred to as a “shift law”, using characteristic curves from this non-invasive approach.
Extension of the multiphysical magic formula tire model for ride comfort applications
This paper tackles the extension of the multiphysical magic formula-based tire model, already including thermodynamic and wear effects, by introducing a rigid ring body between the contact patch and the wheel hub. This integration within the frequency domain is particularly beneficial as it enables the use of a unified model for both handling and ride comfort applications, thus providing a versatile tool for automotive engineers to optimize tire performance across different scenarios.
Sport driving skills: A preliminary comparative study from outdoor testing sessions
What role do drivers play in shaping vehicle behavior, along with technological advances in vehicle controls? This paper aims to present the results of an innovative study, based on an outdoor test campaign with a fully instrumented vehicle, driven on track by several drivers with different levels of experience. Starting from the collected data, a series of objective metrics have been defined in order to quantify aspects related to the direct driver interaction with the car and to the trajectory repeatability.
Tire Performance Evaluation: Comparing Indoor Test Bench and Outdoor Model-Based Vehicle Testing Methodologies
Starting from the earliest design phases in automotive field, testing sessions carried out in reliable simulation environments support the product optimization considering multiple constraints and allowing to significantly reduce the number of prototypes, linked costs and required time. In such a scenario, tire-road interaction models cover a fundamental role in the vehicle’s system modeling, since the tires are accountable for the generation of forces arising within the tire-road contact patches for both vehicles handling and comfort purposes.
Tyre wear model: A fusion of rubber viscoelasticity, road roughness, and thermodynamic state
Wear is due to many causes and involves three major consequences: loss of performance, loss of security and environmental pollution. This study aims to propose an innovative holistic approach to understanding tire wear, focusing on the development of a comprehensive model that account for viscoelastic characteristics of the tread compound, pavement roughness, and various tire operating conditions, dynamically adapting to changes in real-time for more accurate predictions.
Four-Wheeled Vehicle Sideslip Angle Estimation: A Machine Learning-Based Technique for Real-Time Virtual Sensor Development
In the last few decades, the role of vehicle dynamics control systems has become crucial. In this complex scenario, the correct real-time estimation of the vehicle’s sideslip angle is decisive. Indeed, this quantity is deeply linked to several aspects, such as traction and stability optimization, and its correct understanding leads to the possibility of reaching greater road safety, increased efficiency, and a better driving experience for both autonomous and human-controlled vehicles.
Analysis of the Scenarios of Use of an Innovative Technology for the Fast and Nondestructive Characterization of Viscoelastic Materials in the Tires Field
The properties of tires related to their viscoelastic behavior have a significant impact in the field of vehicle dynamics. They affect the performance and safety of a vehicle based on how they change when the tire performs in variable thermal conditions, interacts with various kinds of road surfaces, and accumulates mileage over time.
VESevo, an innovative device for non-destructive and smart viscoelastic characterization of tires compounds
The patented technology of the VESevo allows the characterization of the Storage Modulus and the Loss Factor thanks to the build-in high-accuracy sensors, which enable the user to carry out many measurements at different conditions and directly in-situ.
A Co-Simulation Platform with Tire and Brake Thermal Model for the Analysis and Reproduction of Blanking
In the world of motorsports engineering, improving brake performance is a crucial goal. One significant factor that affects this performance is the increase in brake disc temperature due to reduced cooling airflow, a phenomenon called “blanking”
Analysis and Simulations on D.A.S. system effects on tire temperature
Apart from understanding the specific mechanical layout of D.A.S., what we are aware of, and noted from the TV images from Barcelona pre-season test, is that the system is able to allow the driver to vary the vehicle front toe angle, passing from a «conventional» configuration, characterized by an open toe, typical in motorsport for the benefits it provides in curve management, to a «less open» one, that could provide advantages in terms of drag reduction and tires management. Regarding this last topic, our technical team was focused, in the last days, on the development of a straightforward tire dynamic simulation, useful to get preliminary info, to understand and quantify the effects due to D.A.S. on tires thermal behaviour.
Experimental Friction Analysis Through Innovative Compound-Substrate Contact Modelling for Automotive Applications
Introducing GrETA, a friction model poised to predict tire-road friction coefficients across different conditions temperature, pressure, and relative velocity. GrETA integrates micro and macro scale road profile roughness parameters, alongside viscoelastic properties of the tire tread compound using VESevo technology. This innovative model mathematically captures the intricate contact phenomena between the rubber surface and substrate countersurface.
RIDElab: Advanced calibration tool for a real-time MF-based multiphysical tire model
The necessity to parametrize the advanced MF model has led to the development of an interactive tool, able to identify the miscellaneous model parameters directly on the experimental data acquirable in both outdoor or indoor testing sessions. The improved accuracy of the model response and the potential of the RIDElab approach have been validated in multiple motorsport categories where thermodynamic and wear effects on the tire behavior can not be ignored.
Development of a simplified methodology for grip prediction in motorsport
Nowadays, knowledge of vehicle dynamic behaviour is becoming more and more ingrained, es- pecially in applications such as motorsport where numerous linearization can be introduced into the models making studies relatively simpler compared to more complex cases.
Tire Wear Sensitivity Analysis and Modeling Based on a Statistical Multidisciplinary Approach for High-Performance Vehicles
One of the main challenges in maximizing vehicle performance is to predict and optimize tire behavior in different working conditions, such as temperature, friction, and wear. In the field of wear understanding, different approaches are under study both in academia and industry. The paper aims to combine physical and data-driven analyses based on the statistical approach considering a large number of high-performance vehicle telemetries, tracks, and road data, as well as tires’ viscoelastic properties.
Ultraviolet Light Radiation Effects on Viscoelastic Property Variation in Polymers
Viscoelastic materials exhibit a variable mechanical behavior generally investigated through Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). Such kind of test is carried out on standardized specimens, which have to be specifically produced or extracted from the component to be characterized, causing its destruction
Non-Linear Model of Predictive Control-Based Slip Control ABS Including Tyre Tread Thermal Dynamics
Vehicle dynamics can be deeply affected by various tyre operating conditions, includ- ing thermodynamic and wear effects. Indeed, tyre temperature plays a fundamental role in high performance applications due to the dependencies of the cornering stiffness and potential grip in such conditions.
Physical tire modeling for real-time simulation
Online the official preview of the educational content’s technical abstract by MegaRide group: “Physical Tire Modeling for Real-Time Simulation”. An overview on our completely modular simulation platform, with specific focus to procedures and methodologies established over the years to carry out the tire digitalization process.
Estimation of Vehicle Longitudinal Velocity with Artificial Neural Network
Vehicle dynamics control systems have a fundamental role in smart and autonomous mobility, where one of the most crucial aspects is the vehicle body velocity estimation. In this paper, the problem of a correct evaluation of the vehicle longitudinal velocity for dynamic control applications is approached using a neural networks technique employing a set of measured samples referring to signals usually available on-board, such as longitudinal and lateral acceleration, steering angle, yaw rate and linear wheel speed.
Investigation of the Mileage Effects on the Viscoelastic Properties by a Non-destructive Method
The viscoelastic properties of tires play a fundamental role into vehi- cle dynamics field affecting the vehicle performance and safety according to their evolution over the mileage. The knowledge of these properties is obtained through destructive tests, such as the Dynamic Material Analysis, which make the tire unus- able. In this scenario, the Applied Mechanics research group of the Department of Industrial Engineering at the Federico II has developed an innovative device, called VESevo,
VESevo: An Innovative Device For Non-Destructive Viscoelasticity Characterization
In vehicle dynamics, the knowledge of the viscoelasticity of tread compounds is fundamental for tire-road contact mechanics modelling and for friction coefficient prediction aimed to the improvement of vehicle performance and safety. The availability of such information would define new scenarios in vehicle dynamics field, as the chance to provide physical inputs to grip models or the study of the suspension setup able to make tires work inside their optimal thermal working range.
Fractional Calculus Approach to Reproduce Material Viscoelastic Behavior, including the Time–Temperature Superposition Phenomenon
The design of modern products and processes cannot prescind from the usage of viscoelastic materials that provide extreme design freedoms at relatively low cost. Correct and reliable modeling of these materials allows effective use that involves the design, maintenance, and monitoring phase and the possibility of reuse and recycling.
TRT EVO: Advances in real-time thermodynamic tire modeling for vehicle dynamics simulations
Vehicle performances, especially in motorsport, are deeply affected by tire behavior and in particular by tire compound proper working conditions. In this research activity, a series of innovations have been introduced on the Thermo Racing Tire
TRICK and thermoRIDE conjunct use for tires optimal working range identification
One of the biggest challenges in the automotive field for development engineers and testing technicians is the possibility to obtain reliable tire data to understand their physical behavior. In motorsport, the key is let the tires work in the optimal thermal range (and, first of all, such range has to be determined). In car making, the conjunct tire/vehicle development needs to be fast, to minimize the iterative testing loops, and to objectivize the performance. In tire making, the trade-off among several complex and interconnected features has to be found, guaranteeing safety, optimal friction, durability, low energetic loss and balanced feeling.
Study on the Generalized Formulations with the Aim to Reproduce the Viscoelastic Dynamic Behavior of Polymers
Appropriate modelling of the real behavior of viscoelastic materials is of fundamental importance for correct studies and analyses of structures and components where such materials are employed
Investigation on the Model-Based Control Performance in Vehicle Safety Critical Scenarios with Varying Tyre Limits
Abstract: In recent years the increasing needs of reducing the costs of car development expressed by the automotive market have determined a rapid development of virtual driver prototyping tools that aims at reproducing vehicle behaviors.
Static and Dynamic Analysis of Non-Pneumatic Tires Based on Experimental and Numerical Methods
Since the beginning of their production, pneumatic tires have experienced tremendous improvements in structure and materials, becoming the dominant design in the world tires market. Nevertheless, relying upon pressurized air, they are affected by maintenance and security issues that can lead to fatal accidents.
From mechanical system to tire performance impact: D.A.S. (Dual Axis Steering) explained thanks to advanced modeling.
Recently, D.A.S. (Dual Axle Steering) system from Mercedes AMG Petronas Formula1 team (Figure 1) caught a lot of attention from automotive engineers all over the world. This special mechanical steering system allows managing the toe angle (Figure 2) when the driver pulls out the steering wheel, smartly acting in the “grey area” of the FIA regulations.
A numerical methodology for thermo-fluid dynamic modelling of tyre inner chamber: towards real time applications
The characterization and reproduction of tyre behaviour for vehicle modelling is a topic of particular interest both for real-time driver in the loop simulations and for offline performance optimization algorithms
TOWARDS T.R.I.C.K. 2.0 – A TOOL FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE VEHICLE PERFORMANCE THE USE OF AN ADVANCED SENSOR SYSTEM
Abstract. In the last years, the tire technological development has played a fundamental role in motorsport and in automotive industry. The tire contact patch forces have a great influence on the vehicle behavior, so their correct estimation is a crucial task to understand how to improve the car performance.
Tyre Science; “Breaking barriers around F1 technology”
Across the spectrum from the road to the race track, tyres are a very interesting and important component in automotive applications. Their importance takes on a whole new meaning when we study them in the context of motorsport focused performance.
A Real‐Time Thermal Model for the Analysis of Tire/Road Interaction in Motorcycle Applications
The small extension of the footprint in motorcycle tires, along with the need to guarantee driver stability and safety in the widest possible range of riding conditions, requires that tires work as most as possible at a temperature capable of providing the highest interaction force with road.
Last station, Portimao… and how to handle it with few historical data!
With Portimao MotoGP race, we close our first year in cooperation with Motorsport.com for the development of technical articles on the preview of the race weekend, with a specific focus on tires behaviour and strategies. See you next season!